Latin abbreviations and words used in scale insect literature (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea).

Latin abbreviations and words have been used in the zoological literature since Linnaeus (1758), although some are now rare but were in common usage in the 18th and 19th centuries. The following list of Latin abbreviations and words is prepared to help students of scale insects who are not acquainted with Latin and those who may be just beginning to learn about the study of scale insects with its vast literature. There are many more abbreviations in zoological literature but the list concentrates on those used in scale insect literature. Latin abbreviations and words are reported in table 1. This gives the abbreviation or word first, followed by the Latin meaning in full, then the English meaning and an example taken from scale insect literature. The full reference of the authors cited in the “example” can be easily found in Ben-Dov et al. (2013). When there are two letters or two words, some authors prefer to reverse them. Referring to the section “Glossary” of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) can also help with the meaning of some other Latin words used in systematics. This list is the third and last of a series of papers on Latin or Greek used in scale insect literature. For some Latin and Greek names see Williams (2011), and for simple rules on Latin grammar see Pellizzari & Williams (2013).